Articles

The Prophet Muhammad (d. 632 CE) began his mission in his hometown Mecca, traditionally considered to have been dominated by idolators. Nonetheless, the precise beliefs of the Prophet's Meccan opponents has been fiercely contested in both classical and modern scholarship. This article aims to reconstruct the religious worldview of these opponents, relying largely on the Qur'an itself. Read more

The Qurʾān is believed by Muslims to have been revealed to the Prophet Muhammad over the course of roughly two decades from 610 to 632 CE. The scripture is considered to have been preserved both orally - through the meticulous memorisation of the text by the Prophet's companions - and in written form. Read more